Dehydration occurs when the body doesn’t have enough fluids, either because it’s lost too many fluids, a person hasn’t drunk enough fluids, or both.

The U.S. National Library of Medicine lists these common warning signs of significant dehydration:

• Not being able to urinate, or urinating very little.
• Urine that is very concentrated and dark yellow in color.
• Not being able to produce tears.
• Sunken eyes.
• In infants, the soft spot on the head is significantly sunken.
• Lethargy, dizziness or lightheadedness.

Dehydration should not be ignored, and you should see a doctor immediately if you or your child has any of these symptoms.

Healthcare :

The Indian healthcare sector has been growing at a frenetic pace in the past few years. The windfall began ever since the developed world discovered that it could get quality service for less than half the price. The Indian healthcare market is estimated to be US$ 30 billion and includes pharmaceuticals, healthcare, medical and diagnostic equipment and surgical equipment and supplies. Revenues from the healthcare sector account for 5.2 per cent of the GDP and it employs over 4 million people. Private spending accounts for almost 80 per cent of total healthcare expenditure. According to a study by CII-McKinsey on ‘Health in India’, India will spend US$ 45.76 billion on healthcare in the next five years as the country, on an economic upsurge, is witnessing changes in its demographic profile accompanied with lifestyle diseases and increasing medical expenses. Coupled with the expected increase in the pharmaceutical sector, the total healthcare market in the country could increase to US$ 53-73 billion (6.2-8.5 per cent of GDP) in the next five years. Private healthcare will continue to be the largest component in 2012 and is likely to double to US$ 35.7 billion. It could rise by an additional US$ 8.9 billion if health insurance cover is extended to the rich and middle class.

Symptoms listed below are for Reference only corresponding to the Diseases Listed.

1. Arthritis (Ayurvedic Guggulu Rasayana) Gout, Joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, cracking joints, lumbago, osteo-arthritis, old age, joint stiffness

2. Bronchitis (Ayurvedic Mullein Rasayana) Dry Cough, pneumonia, emphysema, hayfever, sneezing, lung dryness, chest pains, lung infections

3. Asthma (Ayurvedic Pushkaramula Rasayana) Coughing, allergies, pleurisy, lymphatics, wheezing, excess phlegm

4. Heart Health (Ayurvedic Arjuna Rasayana) Cholesterol, Arteriosclerosis, Palpitations, irregular heartbeat, abnormal heart rhythms, tremors, angina pectoris

5. Liver and Spleen (Ayurvedic Neem Prash Rasayana) Heartburn, Malaria, Fever, hyperacidity, Inflammed skin diseases, Blood parasites, Nausea, Liver cancer, Cirrhosis, amebic dysentery, anger and aggressions, jaundice

6. Blood Cleansing (Ayurvedic Manjishta Rasayana) Allergies, Hay fever, blood clotting, Appendicitis, blood purification, tumor reduction, fevers, anti-bacterial, cancer, inflammed skin diseases, boils, acne, infections, respiratory infections, pimples, diseases of the sex organs, jaundice, hepatitis, sun stroke, swollen and burning eyes, diarrhea, heatstroke, scarlet fever, chickenpox, ringworm, psoriasis, Malaria, cholera, syphilis, gonorrhea, liver diseases

7. Delayed Menses (Ayurveda Angelica Rasayana) PMS, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramping, delayed menstruation, pains, chills, poor circulation, infertility, menopause

8. Menstrual Bleeding (Ayurvedic Ashoka Rasayana) PMS, excessive menstrual bleeding, prevention of miscarriage, cramping, fevers, hot flushes, red eyes, diarrhea, blood clotting, infertility, anger and irritability, excess body heat, sweating

9a. Endurance Vata (Ayurveda Ashwagandha Rasayana) Weakness, Underweight, Hypotension, Chronic Fatigue, Strength, Energy, multiple sclerosis, bone weakness, loose teeth, tuberculosis, impotency, premature aging, Aids, debility, convalescence, bone marrow, nervous exhaustion

9b. Energy Pitta (Ayurvedic Chyavan Prash) Fatigue, Energy, prevention of heat related diseases, balances the fire element and helps purify the blood, liver, spleen and urinary tract

9c. Metabolism Kapha (Ayurvedic Chyavan Prash) Fatigue, Energy, prevention of respiratory diseases, improves digestion, strengthens metabolism and immunity, purifying the blood

10. Insomnia (Ayurvedic Jatamamsi Rasayana) Insomnia, Sedative, Relaxation, spasms, cramps, tremors, convulsions, headache, pain, Worry, anxiety, vertigo, dizziness, hysteria

11. Colds & Congestion (Ayurveda Pippali Rasayana) Colds, Lymphatics, Flu, Nausea, Sinusitis, congested lymph glands, pneumonia, non-cancerous tumors

12. Ulcers (Ayurvedic Plantain Rasayana) Internal Healing, cancer, ulcers, after surgery healing, inflammations, bleeding, acidity

13. Digestive Aid (Ayurveda Trikatu Special Rasayana) Malabsorption, Gas, Constipation, weak digestion, loss of appetite, candida, worms, mucus congestion, indigestion, bloating

14. Skin Improvement (Ayurvedic Turmeric Rasayana) Blood Builder, Iron, pimples, acne, boils, skin diseases, pale skin, weakness of blood, skin complexion

15a. Peace of Mind Vata (Ayurveda Vacha Rasayana) Paralysis, Vertigo, Anxiety, Parkinson, Nervousness, mental health, meditation, hyperactivity, nerve pains, nerve diseases, psychic disturbances, depression, drug addiction, absentmindedness, fear, mental diseases, spasms, cramps, tremors, convulsions, alzheimer’s disease, MS, insomnia, dizziness, headache, epilepsy

15b. Anti-Stress Pitta (Ayurvedic Brahmi Rasayana) Anger, aggression, Stress, impatience, Poor Memory, Insomnia

15c. Mental Stimulation Kapha (Ayurveda Sage Rasayana) Mental Alertness,

16. Epilepsy (Ayurvedic Skullcap Rasayana) Dizziness, Fainting, Vertigo, Convulsions

17. Pancreas Support (Ayurveda Shilajit Churna Rasayana) Blood Sugar

18. Rheumatism (Ayurvedic Sariva Rasayana) Body Pains

19. Kidney Health (Ayurveda Gokshura Rasayana) Backache, Herpes, Gonorrhea, Kidney Stones, Impotence, Prostate Support

20. Concentration (Ayurvedic Shankapushpi Rasayana) Senility, Memory, ADD, Concentration, Alertness, Meditation, Mental Exhaustion

21. Weight Loss Supplement (Ayurveda Somalata Rasayana) Weight Loss Herbal Supplement, Cure For Obesity, Remedy For Fatigue, Overweight Relief, Weight Control Treatment, Slow Metabolism Booster , Fat Reducing Herbs, Natural Appetite Suppressant Supplement, Low Energy Booster

22. Male Enhancement (Ayurvedic Kapikachu Rasayana) Men’s Health Supplement, Male impotence Cure, Male Endurance Herbs, Sexual Rejuvenation Herbs, Male infertility Supplment, Spermatorrhea Herbal Remedy, Male Low Libido Remedy, Sexual Enhancement Herbal Formula, Nocturnal Emissions Medicine, Erectile Dysfunction Remedy, Viagra Herbal Alternative

23. Women’s Health Issues (Ayurveda Shatavari Rasayana) Womens Health Supplement, Female Infertility Herbs, Menopause Relief, PMS Remedy, Menstrual Cramp Relief, Irregular Menstrual Cycle Remedy, Painful Intercourse Remedy, Menopause Mood swings, Female Sexual Dysfunction Cure, Uterine Pain Relief, Female Hormone Imbalance Herbs

24. High Blood Pressure (Ayurvedic Rashona Rasayana) Hypertension, High Blood Pressure, arteriosclerosis, cholesterol, palpitations, congestive heart failure

25. Immune System Booster (Ayurveda Guduchi Rasayana) Tumors, Cancer, Aids, immune system booster, herpes, Sarcoidosis, cancer, infections, common cold, flu, Acne, virus venereal disease, consumption, seminal weakness, urinary syphilis, gonorrhea, respiratory, urinary tract viral

26. Throat Health (Ayurvedic Yashti Madhu Rasayana)tonsillitis, swollen, smokers throat, inflamed, burning, dry, infected, hoarse voice, voice improvememt, Tonsils, Strep throat, Sore Throat, throat cancer, Laryngitis, voice disorder, Hoarseness, singers supplement

27. Ayurvedic Spice Churnas Simular to Curry but much better tasting, These Churnas make the most delicious tasting dishes you will ever have. They are for Vata Pitta and Kapha type bodies. Use them in cooking or sprinkling them on your food.

28. Ayurvedic Teas Teas for the different Doshas Vata Pitta Kapha and a balanced blend for all body types.

29. Triphala (Churna) Rasayana / Internal cleanse Natural Laxative, Constipation, Colon Cleansing, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, Colitis, Gas, Parasites, Detoxification, Sluggish Peristalsis

30. Narayana Massage Oil / Body-Nerve Pain Gout, Joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, cracking joints, lumbago, osteo-arthritis, old age, joint stiffness

31. Brahmi Oil / Head and Foot Massage Oil Shirodhara Therapy, Natural Hair Loss Remedy, Insomnia, Anger, Mental Imbalance, Dandruff, Dry Hair, Scaly Scalp, Itchy Scalp, Split Ends, Stress

32. Neem Ghritam Skin Dieases For all kinds of skin probelms

Bad medicine

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THE SCIENCE OF OBESITY: FATS & CHOLESTEROL

For years we heard that a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet would keep us healthy and help us lose weight. And many of us jumped on the bandwagon, eliminating fat and high-cholesterol foods from our diets. Well, unfortunately, we were doing it all wrong.

Instead of eliminating fat completely, we should have been eliminating the "bad fats," the fats associated with obesity and heart disease and eating the "good fats," the fats that actually help improve blood cholesterol levels. Before we examine the good fats and bad fats, let’s talk about cholesterol.

Cholesterol - It’s been ingrained into our brains that cholesterol causes heart disease and that we should limit our intake of foods that contain it, but dietary cholesterol is different than blood cholesterol. Cholesterol comes from two places–first, from food such as meat, eggs, and seafood, and second, from our body. Our liver makes this waxy substance and links it to carrier proteins called lipoproteins. These lipoproteins dissolve the cholesterol in blood and carry it to all parts of your body. Our body needs cholesterol to help form cell membranes, some hormones, and Vitamin D.

You may have heard of "good" and "bad" cholesterol. Well, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry cholesterol from the blood to the liver. The liver processes the cholesterol for elimination from the body. If there’s HDL in the blood, then less cholesterol will be deposited in the coronary arteries. That’s why it’s called "good" cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body. When there is too much in the body, it is deposited in the coronary arteries. This is not good. A build-up of cholesterol in our arteries could prevent blood from getting to parts of our heart. That means that our heart won’t get the oxygen and nutrients it needs, which could result in heart attack, stroke, or sudden death. So, if your LDL is higher than your HDL, you’re at a greater risk for developing heart disease. It may come as a surprise, but recent studies have shown that the amount of cholesterol in our food is not strongly linked to our blood cholesterol levels. It’s the types of fats you eat that affect your blood cholesterol levels.

Bad Fats - There are two fats that you should limit your intake of–saturated and trans fats.

Saturated Fats - Saturated fats are mostly animal fats. You find them in meat, whole-milk products, poultry skin, and egg yolks. Coconut oil also has a high amount of saturated fat. Saturated fats raise both the good and bad blood cholesterol.

Trans Fats - Trans fats are produced through hydrogenation–heating oils in the presence of oxygen. Many products contain trans fats because the fats help them maintain a longer shelf life. Margarine also contains a high amount of trans fats. Trans fats are especially dangerous because they lower the good cholesterol, HDL and raise the bad cholesterol, LDL. Unfortunately, most products do not tell you how much trans fat it contains, but you can find out if it’s in a product by looking at the ingredient list. If the ingredients contain hydrogenated or partially-hydrogenated oils,

then it contains trans fats. Fortunately in 2006, manufacturers will be required to list the amount of trans fat in their products on the nutrition labels, so it will be easier for you to find.

Good Fats - Some fats actually improve cholesterol levels.

Polyunsaturated Fats - Polyunsaturated fats are found in sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. These oils contain Omega-6, an essential fatty acid. However, most people get enough Omega-6 in their diet and instead need more Omega-3. Omega-3 is a fatty acid found in fish and walnuts.

Monounsaturated Fats - Monounsaturated fats are found in canola, peanut, and olive oils. Both types of unsaturated fats decrease the bad cholesterol, LDL and increase the good cholesterol, HDL.

Now, just because the unsaturated fats improve your blood cholesterol levels, you don’t have the go-ahead to eat all of the olive oil, butter and nuts you want. Fat of any kind does contain calories, and if you’re trying to lose weight, eat fat in moderation, and stay away from saturated fats.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR WEIGHT

A pound of fat represents approximately 3500 calories of stored energy. In order to lose a pound of fat, you have to use 3500 more calories than you consume. Although this seems like a simple formula remember that your body is a thinking organism designed to protect itself. If you were to try to reduce your intake by the entire 3500 calories in one day, your body would register some type of alarm and think that there is a state of emergency. Immediately your metabolism would slow down and no weight loss would be achieved. It’s better to spread your weight loss out over a period of a week, so that you aim to reduce your caloric intake by 3500 to 7000 calories per week, resulting in weight loss of one to two pounds per week. It’s generally not recommended to try to lose more than two pounds in a week. Attempting to do so may cause health risks, and on top of this you’re unlikely to be successful.

In the example of attempting to lose two pounds per week, you can use a basic method of calorie counting to help you accomplish your goal. To do so, you need to figure out how many calories a person of your age, sex, and weight usually needs in a day, subtract 500 from that amount, and follow a diet that provides you with that many calories. For example, if you would ordinarily need 3000 calories in a day, you would follow a 2500-calorie a day diet. Next, figure out how much exercise a person of your weight would need to do to burn 500 calories per day, and engage in an exercise plan that will help you achieve your goal. The result is simple: 500 fewer calories consumed and 500 more calories expended equals a 1000 calorie per day deficit, which, over the course of a week adds up to 7000 calories, or two pounds. Although individual results may vary, the bottom line is if your body is consuming fewer calories than it’s expending, then weight will be lost.

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When can vitamin A deficiency occur? Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries but rarely seen in the United States. Approximately 250,to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world become blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A [1]. In the United States, vitamin A deficiency is most often associated with strict dietary restrictions and excess alcohol intake [21]. Severe zinc deficiency, which is also associated with strict dietary limitations, often accompanies vitamin A deficiency. Zinc is required to make retinol binding protein (RBP) which transports vitamin A. Therefore, a deficiency in zinc limits the body’s ability to move vitamin A stores from the liver to body tissues [1]. Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. In ancient Egypt, it was known that night blindness could be cured by eating liver, which was later found to be a rich source of the vitamin [2]. Vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very dry and damaging the retina and cornea [22]. Vitamin A deficiency diminishes the ability to fight infections. In countries where such deficiency is common and immunization programs are limited, millions of children die each year from complications of infectious diseases such as measles [23]. In vitamin A-deficient individuals, cells lining the lungs lose their ability to remove disease-causing microorganisms. This may contribute to the pneumonia associated with vitamin A deficiency [2,6-7]. There is increased interest in early forms of vitamin A deficiency, described as low storage levels of vitamin A that do not cause obvious deficiency symptoms. This mild degree of vitamin A deficiency may increase children’s risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal infections, decrease growth rate, slow bone development, and decrease likelihood of survival from serious illness [24-25]. Children in the United States who are considered to be at increased risk for subclinical vitamin A deficiency include:toddlers and preschool age children; children living at or below the poverty level; children with inadequate health care or immunizations; children living in areas with known nutritional deficiencies; recent immigrants or refugees from developing countries with high incidence of vitamin A deficiency or measles; and children with diseases of the pancreas, liver, or intestines, or with inadequate fat digestion or absorption. A deficiency can occur when vitamin A is lost through chronic diarrhea and through an overall inadequate intake, as is often seen with protein-energy malnutrition. Low blood retinol concentrations indicate depleted levels of vitamin A. This occurs with vitamin A deficiency but also can result from an inadequate intake of protein, calories, and zinc, since these nutrients are needed to make RBP [1]. Iron deficiency can also affect vitamin A metabolism, and iron supplements provided to iron-deficient individuals may improve body stores of vitamin A and iron [1]. Excess alcohol intake depletes vitamin A stores. Also, diets high in alcohol often do not provide recommended amounts of vitamin A [1]. It is very important for people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol to include good sources of vitamin A in their diets. Vitamin A supplements may not be recommended for individuals who abuse alcohol, however, because their livers may be more susceptible to potential toxicity from high doses of vitamin A [26]. A medical doctor will need to evaluate this situation and determine the need for vitamin A supplements. Who may need extra vitamin A to prevent a deficiency? Vitamin A deficiency rarely occurs in the United States, but the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend vitamin A administration for all children diagnosed with measles in communities where vitamin A deficiency is a serious problem and where death from measles is greater than 1%. In 1994, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended vitamin A supplements for two subgroups of children likely to be at high risk for subclinical vitamin A deficiency: children aged 6 months to 24 months who are hospitalized with measles, and hospitalized children older than 6 months [27]. Fat malabsorption can result in diarrhea and prevent normal absorption of vitamin A. Over time this may result in vitamin A deficiency. Those conditions include:Celiac disease: Often referred to as sprue, celiac disease is a genetic disorder. People with celiac disease become sick when they eat a protein called gluten found in wheat and some other grains. In celiac disease, gluten can trigger damage to the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption occurs. Approximately 30% to 60% of people with celiac disease have gastrointestinal-motility disorders such as diarrhea [28].They must follow a gluten-free diet to avoid malabsorption and other symptoms.Crohn’s disease: This inflammatory bowel disease affects the small intestine. People with Crohn’s disease often experience diarrhea, fat malabsorption, and malnutrition [29].Pancreatic disorders: Because the pancreas secretes enzymes that are important for fat absorption, pancreatic disorders often result in fat malabsorption [30-31]. Without these enzymes, it is difficult to absorb fat. Many people with pancreatic disease take pancreatic enzymes in pill form to prevent fat malabsorption and diarrhea. Healthy adults usually have a reserve of vitamin A stored in their livers and should not be at risk of deficiency during periods of temporary or short-term fat malabsorption. Long-term problems absorbing fat, however, may result in deficiency. In these instances physicians may recommend additional vitamin A [9]. Vegetarians who do not consume eggs and dairy foods need provitamin A carotenoids to meet their need for vitamin A [1]. They should include a minimum of five servings of fruits and vegetables in their daily diet and regularly choose dark green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow fruits to consume recommended amounts of vitamin A.

Uses Heart disease Vitamin E helps prevent arteries from clogging by blocking the conversion of cholesterol into the waxy fat deposits called plaque that stick to blood vessel walls. Vitamin E also thins the blood, allowing for blood to flow more easily through arteries even when plaque is present. Studies in the last 10 years have reported beneficial results from use of vitamin E supplements as part of a prevention strategy for heart disease and other types of cardiovascular disease. A large, important study of postmenopausal women, for example, suggested that vitamin E from foods may reduce the risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. The study results do not, however, support any need for supplementation with vitamin E or other antioxidant vitamins as part of a preventive strategy. There is some evidence for the use of supplemental vitamin E as a treatment for atherosclerosis. For example, a 2-year study of men with a history of stroke compared aspirin with and without vitamin E and found that vitamin E with aspirin significantly reduced the tendency of plaque to stick to vessel walls and decreased the risk of stroke. Still, when looked at collectively, results of studies have been mixed and a lot more evidence is needed to know if there are benefits to supplementing with vitamin E, whether for prevention or for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Four large, well-designed trials are currently in progress and should help resolve this question. Cancer While no firm conclusions can be drawn about vitamin E’s ability to protect against cancer, it has been noted that people with cancer often have lower levels of vitamin E. Plus, population based trials (observing groups of people over long periods of time) suggest that diets rich in antioxidants, including vitamin E, may be connected to a reduced risk of certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer. Supplementation with vitamin E, though, does not appear to improve risk of cancer. Laboratory studies have generally shown that vitamin E inhibits the growth of some cancers in test tubes and animals, particularly hormone responsive cancers such as breast and prostate. There is reason to believe, therefore, that, for these types of cancers at least, supplementation may prove beneficial for both prevention and treatment. Despite the encouraging results from test tube and animal studies, however, research on people has been much less promising. A large, important study called the Iowa Women’s Health Study, for example, involving nearly 35,000 women, looked at the dietary intake of antioxidants and occurrence of breast cancer after menopause. They found little evidence that vitamin E has a protective effect. More research is needed before coming to any firm conclusions about whether added vitamin E has an impact on cancer and, if so, which forms of the vitamin are most effective for treatment and what optimal dosing would be. Researchers have also pointed to the fact that the body’s antioxidant defense system is complex, which suggests that focusing on one vitamin in isolation may not be the best approach. This may be why dietary forms of antioxidants, since they are generally taken together from foods, may be the best way to try to stave off cancer. Photodermatitis This condition involves an allergic type reaction to the UV rays of the sun. An 8-day study comparing treatment with vitamins C and E to no treatment found that the vitamin group became significantly less sensitive to the sun. Another study, lasting for 50 days, also showed a protective effect of the combination of vitamins C and E to UV rays. OsteoarthritisA few studies suggest that vitamin E may be helpful in both the treatment (pain relief, increased joint mobility) and prevention (at least in men) of osteoarthritis. In a study comparing vitamin E with diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat osteoarthritis, the two were found to be equally effective. Alzheimer’s Disease There are several reasons why vitamin E might help treat Alzheimer’s disease. The fat soluble vitamin readily enters the brain and exerts its antioxidative properties. Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease; therefore, again, it makes at least theoretical sense that antioxidants, like vitamin E, help prevent this condition. In fact, studies have suggested that vitamin E supplementation improves cognitive performance in healthy individuals and in those with dementia from causes other than Alzheimer’s (for example, multiple strokes). In addition, vitamin E, together with vitamin C may prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease.Menopause According to a review article on alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women with breast cancer, vitamin E is the most effective option for the reduction of hot flashes for this group of women. Presumably, this would be true for other women not taking HRT because they cannot or prefer not to. Vitamin E also helps reduce other long term risks associated with menopause such as Alzheimer’s, macular degeneration (see Eye health below), and cardiovascular disease. Eye Health Because of it’s antioxidant action, vitamin E may help to protect against cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) and age related macular degeneration (ARMD, a progressive deterioration in the retina, the back part, of the eye). Both of these eye disorders tend to occur as people age. These conditions seriously compromise eyesight and ARMD is the number one cause of blindness in the United States. In order to minimize risk of ARMD, research reviews advocate diets high in vitamins C and E and carotenoids, especially spinach, kale, and collard greens. Taking supplements as a preventive measure, as opposed to getting vitamin E from food sources, remains controversial. Uveitis is another eye disorder for which the antioxidant vitamins C and E may be helpful. A study of 130 patients with uveitis compared treatment with oral vitamins C and E to placebo and found that those who took the vitamins had significantly better visual clarity than those in the placebo group. Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the sclera (white outer coat of the eye) and the retina (the back of the eye). The uvea contains many of the blood vessels that nourish the eye. Inflammation of this area, therefore, can affect the cornea, the retina, the sclera, and other important parts of the eye. Uveitis occurs in acute and chronic forms.Diabetes People with diabetes tend to have low levels of antioxidants. This may explain, in part, their increased risk for conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Vitamin E supplements and other antioxidants may help reduce the risk of heart disease and other complications in people with diabetes. In particular, antioxidants have been shown to help control blood sugar levels, to lower cholesterol levels in those with type 2 diabetes, and to protect against the complications of retinopathy (eye damage) and nephropathy (kidney damage) in those with type 1 diabetes. Vitamin E may also play a role in the prevention of diabetes. In one study, 944 men who did not have diabetes at were followed for 4 years. Low levels of vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of becoming diabetic in that time course.Pancreatitis Oxidative stress plays a role in pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). In fact, those with pancreatitis have low levels of vitamin E and other antioxidants. This may be due to lack of absorption of fat soluble vitamins (such as vitamin E) because the enzymes from the pancreas required to absorb fat are not functioning properly. Or, this may be due to poor intake because those with pancreatitis are not eating due to pain and need for bowel rest. Some experts relay that taking vitamin E and other antioxidants may help to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with pancreatitis. Other Vitamin E, along with other standard treatments, may also be beneficial for the following: Slowing the aging of cells and tissues Protecting from frostbite and other cold-induced injuries Diminishing the negative effects of environmental pollutants Improving anemia Speeding wound and burn healing Reducing scarring Lowering blood pressure Slowing progression of Parkinson’s disease Easing premenstrual discomfort, especially breast tenderness Treating lupus Replacing necessary nutrients in those with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis Avoiding miscarriage (also called spontaneous abortion), which may be associated with very low levels of this nutrient Helping weight gain and relieving oxidative stress in those with HIV or AIDS ——————————————————————————– Dietary Sources The richest source of vitamin E is wheat germ. Other foods that contain a significant amount of vitamin E include liver, eggs, nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts); sunflower seeds; corn-oil margarine; mayonnaise; cold-pressed vegetable oils, including olive, corn, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, and canola; dark green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale; greens (beet, collard, mustard, turnip) sweet potatoes; avocado, asparagus and yams. ——————————————————————————– Available Forms Vitamin E refers to a family of eight related fat soluble compounds, the tocopherols and tocotrienols (in four different forms, alpha, beta, delta and gamma) Dosages are usually listed in international units (IUs). There are both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E. Health care providers usually recommend natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) or natural mixed tocopherols. The synthetic form is called dl-alpha-tocopherol. Some clinicians prefer mixed tocopherols because it most closely represents whole foods. Most vitamin E supplements are fat-soluble. However, water soluble E is available for people who have trouble absorbing fat, such as people with pancreatic insufficiency and cystic fibrosis. Vitamin E is available in softgels, tablets, capsules, and topical oils. Doses for oral vitamin E generally range from 50 IU to 1,000 IU. ——————————————————————————– How to Take It Based on clinical trials, the recommended dose for disease prevention and treatment for adults is 400 to 800 IU/day. As with all supplements, it is important to check with a healthcare provider before giving vitamin E to a child. Daily intakes of dietary Vitamin E are listed below. (Note: 1 mg vitamin E equals 1.5 IU.)PediatricNewborn to 6 months: 6 IU Infants 6 months to 1 year: 9 IU Children 1 to 3 years: 9 IU Children 4 to 8 years: 10.5 IU Children 9 to 13 years: 16.5 IU Adolescents 14 to 18 years: 22.5 IU AdultOlder than 18 years: 22.5 IU Pregnant females: 22.5 IU Breastfeeding females: 28.5 IU ——————————————————————————– Precautions Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of a knowledgeable healthcare provider. Vitamin E should be taken together with another antioxidant called selenium. The Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL) for alpha-tocopherol is set at 1000 mg (1500 IU). Doses higher than this can cause nausea, gas, diarrhea, heart palpitations, and increase the tendency to bleed. It is especially important that those who have high blood pressure or who are taking blood-thinners such as warfarin check with a healthcare provider before taking vitamin E supplements. There is some concern that a diet rich in fish oil taken for many months may induce a deficiency of vitamin E. People who eat a diet high in fish or who take fish oil supplements may want to consider taking vitamin E supplements. ——————————————————————————– Possible Interactions If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use vitamin E supplements without first talking to your healthcare provider.Antidepressant Medications, Tricyclic Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of the antidepressant desimpramine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as tricyclics. Other members of that class include imipramine and nortriptyline. Antipsychotic Medications Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake by cells of the antipsychotic medication called chlorpromazine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as phenothiazines.Aspirin A study evaluating the effects of vitamin E and aspirin suggests that the combination appears to be safe and may benefit patients at risk for stroke. AZTVitamin E may protect against toxicity and side effects from AZT, a medication used to treat HIV and AIDS. Beta Blockers for high blood pressure Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of propranolol, a member of a class of medications called beta blockers used for high blood pressure. Other beta-blockers include atenolol and metoprolol. Birth Control Medications Vitamin E may provide antioxidant benefits to women taking birth control medications.Chloroquine Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake into cells of chloroquine, a medication used to treat malaria. Cholesterol-lowering Medications Cholesterol-lowering medications such as colestipol and cholestyramine, called bile-acid sequestrants, decrease the absorption of vitamin E. Gemfibrozil, a different type of cholesterol-lowering medication called a fibric acid derivative, may also reduce vitamin E levels. A third class of medications used to lower cholesterol levels known as statins (such as atorvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin), may reduce the antioxidant activity of vitamin E. On the other hand, the combination of vitamin E supplements with statins may help protect blood vessels from dysfunction. Cyclosporine Vitamin E may interact with cyclosporine, a medication used to treat cancer, reducing the effectiveness of both the supplement and the medication. However, there appears to be some controversy regarding the nature of this interaction; another study suggests that the combination of vitamin E and cyclosporine may actually increase the effects of the medication. More research is needed to determine the safety of this combination.Hormone Replacement Therapy Vitamin E supplements may benefit women taking hormone replacement therapy by improving lipid profiles.Mebendazole Simultaneous supplementation with vitamins A, C, E, and selenium significantly reduced the effectiveness of this vermifuge (treatment to eradicate intestinal worms) in a study.Tamoxifen Tamoxifen, a hormonal treatment for breast cancer, increases blood levels of triglycerides, increasing one’s chances of developing high cholesterol. In a study of 54 women with breast cancer, vitamins C and E, taken along with the tamoxifen, counteracted this by decreasing low density cholesterol and triglyceride levels while increasing high density cholesterol. The antioxidants also enhanced the anti-cancer action of the tamoxifen.Warfarin Taking vitamin E at the same time as warfarin, a blood-thinning medication, increases the risk of abnormal bleeding, especially in vitamin K-deficient individuals.Weight Loss Products Orlistat, a medication used for weight loss and olestra, a substance added to certain food products, are both intended to bind to fat and prevent the absorption of fat and the associated calories. Because of their effects on fat, orlistat and olestra may also prevent the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E. Given this concern and possibility, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that vitamin E and other fat soluble vitamins (namely, A, D, and K) be added to food products containing olestra. How well vitamin E from such food products is absorbed and used by the body is not clear. In addition, physicians who prescribe orlistat may add a multivitamin with fat soluble vitamins to the regimen. ——————————————————————————– Supporting Research Aberg F, Appelkvist EL, Broijersen A, et al. Gemfibrozil-induced decrease in serum ubiquinone and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in men with combined hyperlipidaemia. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998;28(3):2352-2342. Adhirai M, Selvam R. Effect of cyclosporin on liver antioxidants and the protective role of vitamin E in hyperoxaluria in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998;50(5):501-505. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:197-205. Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J, et al. Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS. 1998;13:1653-1659. Altura BM, Gebrewold A. Alpha-tocopherol attenuates alcohol-induced cerebral vascular damage in rats: possible role of oxidants in alcohol brain pathology and stroke. Neurosci Lett. 1996;220(3):207-210. Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: A major cause of DNA damage. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;889:87-106. Anderson JW, Gowri MS, Turner J,et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects low density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Amer Coll Nutr. 1999;18:451-461. Babu JR, Sundravel S, Arumugam G, Renuka R, Deepa N, Sachdanandam P. Salubrious effect of vitamin C and vitamin E on tamoxifen-treated women in breast cancer with reference to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Cancer Lett. 2002;151:1-5. Belda JI, Roma J, Vilela C, Puertas FJ, Diaz-Llopis M, Bosch-Morell F, Romero FJ. Serum vitamin E levels negatively correlate with severity of age-related macular degeneration. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;107(2):159-164. Bhaumik G, Srivastava KK, Selvamurthy W, Purkayastha SS. The role of free radicals in cold injuries. Int J Biometeorol. 1995;38(4):171-175. Bursell S, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, et al. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(8):1245-1251. Cai J, Nelson KC, Wu M, Sternberg P Jr, Jones DP. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19(2):205-221. Chang T, Benet LZ, Hebert MF. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharm & Ther. 1996;59(3):297-303. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and the risk of age-related maculopathy. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(5):476-484. Ciavatti M, Renaud S. Oxidative status and oral contraceptive. Its relevance to platelet abnormalities and cardiovasular risk. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(5)L325-338. Clemente C, Caruso MG, Berloco P, Buonsante A, Giannandrea B, Di Leo A. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene serum levels in post-menopausal women treated with transdermal estradiol and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate. Horm Metab Res. 1996;28(10):558-561. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Lancet. 2001;357:89-95. Corrigan JJ. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1982;393:361-368. Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JF. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(16):408-416. Eberlein-König B, Placzek M, Przybilla B. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(1):45-48. Emmert DH, Kircher JT. The role of vitamin E in the prevention of heart disease. Arch Fam Med. 1999;8(6):537-542. Fahn S. 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A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:141-147. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:154-160. Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 20;92(24):2018-2023. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA. 1995;273(23):1849-1854. Inal M, Sunal E, Kanbak G, Zeytinoglu S. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and alpha-tocopherol on the lipid profiles and antioxidant status. Clin Chim Acta. 1997;268(1-2):21-29. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. 2000; National Academy Press. Jacques PF. 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When can vitamin A deficiency occur? Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries but rarely seen  in the United States. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished  children in the developing world become blind each year from a deficiency  of vitamin A [1]. In the United States, vitamin A deficiency is most  often associated with strict dietary restrictions and excess alcohol  intake [21]. Severe zinc deficiency, which is also associated with strict  dietary limitations, often accompanies vitamin A deficiency. Zinc is  required to make retinol binding protein (RBP) which transports vitamin A.  Therefore, a deficiency in zinc limits the body’s ability to move  vitamin A stores from the liver to body tissues [1].  Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. In  ancient Egypt, it was known that night blindness could be cured by  eating liver, which was later found to be a rich source of the vitamin [2].  Vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very  dry and damaging the retina and cornea [22].  Vitamin A deficiency diminishes the ability to fight infections. In  countries where such deficiency is common and immunization programs are  limited, millions of children die each year from complications of  infectious diseases such as measles [23]. In vitamin A-deficient individuals,  cells lining the lungs lose their ability to remove disease-causing  microorganisms. This may contribute to the pneumonia associated with  vitamin A deficiency [2,6-7].  There is increased interest in early forms of vitamin A deficiency,  described as low storage levels of vitamin A that do not cause obvious  deficiency symptoms. This mild degree of vitamin A deficiency may increase  children’s risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal infections,  decrease growth rate, slow bone development, and decrease likelihood of  survival from serious illness [24-25]. Children in the United States who  are considered to be at increased risk for subclinical vitamin A  deficiency include:  toddlers and preschool age children; children living at or below the poverty level; children with inadequate health care or immunizations; children living in areas with known nutritional deficiencies; recent immigrants or refugees from developing countries with high  incidence of vitamin A deficiency or measles; and children with diseases of the pancreas, liver, or intestines, or with  inadequate fat digestion or absorption. A deficiency can occur when vitamin A is lost through chronic diarrhea  and through an overall inadequate intake, as is often seen with  protein-energy malnutrition. Low blood retinol concentrations indicate  depleted levels of vitamin A. This occurs with vitamin A deficiency but also  can result from an inadequate intake of protein, calories, and zinc,  since these nutrients are needed to make RBP [1]. Iron deficiency can also  affect vitamin A metabolism, and iron supplements provided to  iron-deficient individuals may improve body stores of vitamin A and iron [1].  Excess alcohol intake depletes vitamin A stores. Also, diets high in  alcohol often do not provide recommended amounts of vitamin A [1]. It is  very important for people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol to  include good sources of vitamin A in their diets. Vitamin A supplements  may not be recommended for individuals who abuse alcohol, however,  because their livers may be more susceptible to potential toxicity from  high doses of vitamin A [26]. A medical doctor will need to evaluate this  situation and determine the need for vitamin A supplements.   Who may need extra vitamin A to prevent a deficiency? Vitamin A deficiency rarely occurs in the United States, but the World  Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund  (UNICEF) recommend vitamin A administration for all children diagnosed with  measles in communities where vitamin A deficiency is a serious problem  and where death from measles is greater than 1%. In 1994, the American  Academy of Pediatrics recommended vitamin A supplements for two  subgroups of children likely to be at high risk for subclinical vitamin A  deficiency: children aged 6 months to 24 months who are hospitalized with  measles, and hospitalized children older than 6 months [27].  Fat malabsorption can result in diarrhea and prevent normal absorption  of vitamin A. Over time this may result in vitamin A deficiency. Those  conditions include:  Celiac disease: Often referred to as sprue, celiac disease is a genetic disorder.  People with celiac disease become sick when they eat a protein called gluten  found in wheat and some other grains. In celiac disease, gluten can  trigger damage to the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption  occurs. Approximately 30% to 60% of people with celiac disease have  gastrointestinal-motility disorders such as diarrhea [28].They must follow a  gluten-free diet to avoid malabsorption and other symptoms. Crohn’s disease: This inflammatory bowel disease affects the small intestine. People  with Crohn’s disease often experience diarrhea, fat malabsorption, and  malnutrition [29]. Pancreatic disorders: Because the pancreas secretes enzymes that are important for fat  absorption, pancreatic disorders often result in fat malabsorption [30-31].  Without these enzymes, it is difficult to absorb fat. Many people with  pancreatic disease take pancreatic enzymes in pill form to prevent fat  malabsorption and diarrhea. Healthy adults usually have a reserve of vitamin A stored in their  livers and should not be at risk of deficiency during periods of temporary  or short-term fat malabsorption. Long-term problems absorbing fat,  however, may result in deficiency. In these instances physicians may  recommend additional vitamin A [9].  Vegetarians who do not consume eggs and dairy foods need provitamin A  carotenoids to meet their need for vitamin A [1]. They should include a  minimum of five servings of fruits and vegetables in their daily diet  and regularly choose dark green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow  fruits to consume recommended amounts of vitamin A.  

Uses    Heart disease Vitamin E helps prevent arteries from clogging by blocking the  conversion of cholesterol into the waxy fat deposits called plaque that stick  to blood vessel walls. Vitamin E also thins the blood, allowing for  blood to flow more easily through arteries even when plaque is present.  Studies in the last 10 years have reported beneficial results from use of  vitamin E supplements as part of a prevention strategy for heart  disease and other types of cardiovascular disease.   A large, important study of postmenopausal women, for example,  suggested that vitamin E from foods may reduce the risk of death from stroke in  postmenopausal women. The study results do not, however, support any  need for supplementation with vitamin E or other antioxidant vitamins as  part of a preventive strategy.   There is some evidence for the use of supplemental vitamin E as a  treatment for atherosclerosis. For example, a 2-year study of men with a  history of stroke compared aspirin with and without vitamin E and found  that vitamin E with aspirin significantly reduced the tendency of plaque  to stick to vessel walls and decreased the risk of stroke.   Still, when looked at collectively, results of studies have been mixed  and a lot more evidence is needed to know if there are benefits to  supplementing with vitamin E, whether for prevention or for treatment of  cardiovascular disease. Four large, well-designed trials are currently in  progress and should help resolve this question.   Cancer While no firm conclusions can be drawn about vitamin E’s ability to  protect against cancer, it has been noted that people with cancer often  have lower levels of vitamin E. Plus, population based trials (observing  groups of people over long periods of time) suggest that diets rich in  antioxidants, including vitamin E, may be connected to a reduced risk  of certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer. Supplementation with  vitamin E, though, does not appear to improve risk of cancer.   Laboratory studies have generally shown that vitamin E inhibits the  growth of some cancers in test tubes and animals, particularly hormone  responsive cancers such as breast and prostate. There is reason to  believe, therefore, that, for these types of cancers at least, supplementation  may prove beneficial for both prevention and treatment.   Despite the encouraging results from test tube and animal studies,  however, research on people has been much less promising. A large,  important study called the Iowa Women’s Health Study, for example, involving  nearly 35,000 women, looked at the dietary intake of antioxidants and  occurrence of breast cancer after menopause. They found little evidence  that vitamin E has a protective effect. More research is needed before  coming to any firm conclusions about whether added vitamin E has an  impact on cancer and, if so, which forms of the vitamin are most effective  for treatment and what optimal dosing would be.   Researchers have also pointed to the fact that the body’s antioxidant  defense system is complex, which suggests that focusing on one vitamin  in isolation may not be the best approach. This may be why dietary forms  of antioxidants, since they are generally taken together from foods,  may be the best way to try to stave off cancer.   Photodermatitis This condition involves an allergic type reaction to the UV rays of the  sun. An 8-day study comparing treatment with vitamins C and E to no  treatment found that the vitamin group became significantly less  sensitive to the sun. Another study, lasting for 50 days, also showed a  protective effect of the combination of vitamins C and E to UV rays.   Osteoarthritis A few studies suggest that vitamin E may be helpful in both the  treatment (pain relief, increased joint mobility) and prevention (at least in  men) of osteoarthritis. In a study comparing vitamin E with diclofenac,  a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat  osteoarthritis, the two were found to be equally effective.   Alzheimer’s Disease There are several reasons why vitamin E might help treat Alzheimer’s  disease. The fat soluble vitamin readily enters the brain and exerts its  antioxidative properties. Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to  the development of Alzheimer’s disease; therefore, again, it makes at  least theoretical sense that antioxidants, like vitamin E, help prevent  this condition. In fact, studies have suggested that vitamin E  supplementation improves cognitive performance in healthy individuals and in  those with dementia from causes other than Alzheimer’s (for example,  multiple strokes). In addition, vitamin E, together with vitamin C may  prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease.  Menopause According to a review article on alternatives to hormone replacement  therapy (HRT) for women with breast cancer, vitamin E is the most  effective option for the reduction of hot flashes for this group of women.  Presumably, this would be true for other women not taking HRT because they  cannot or prefer not to. Vitamin E also helps reduce other long term  risks associated with menopause such as Alzheimer’s, macular  degeneration (see Eye health below), and cardiovascular disease.   Eye Health Because of it’s antioxidant action, vitamin E may help to protect  against cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) and age related macular  degeneration (ARMD, a progressive deterioration in the retina, the back  part, of the eye). Both of these eye disorders tend to occur as people  age. These conditions seriously compromise eyesight and ARMD is the  number one cause of blindness in the United States. In order to minimize  risk of ARMD, research reviews advocate diets high in vitamins C and E  and carotenoids, especially spinach, kale, and collard greens. Taking  supplements as a preventive measure, as opposed to getting vitamin E  from food sources, remains controversial.   Uveitis is another eye disorder for which the antioxidant vitamins C  and E may be helpful. A study of 130 patients with uveitis compared  treatment with oral vitamins C and E to placebo and found that those who  took the vitamins had significantly better visual clarity than those in  the placebo group. Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer  of the eye between the sclera (white outer coat of the eye) and the  retina (the back of the eye). The uvea contains many of the blood vessels  that nourish the eye. Inflammation of this area, therefore, can affect  the cornea, the retina, the sclera, and other important parts of the  eye. Uveitis occurs in acute and chronic forms.  Diabetes People with diabetes tend to have low levels of antioxidants. This may  explain, in part, their increased risk for conditions such as  cardiovascular disease. Vitamin E supplements and other antioxidants may help  reduce the risk of heart disease and other complications in people with  diabetes. In particular, antioxidants have been shown to help control  blood sugar levels, to lower cholesterol levels in those with type 2  diabetes, and to protect against the complications of retinopathy (eye  damage) and nephropathy (kidney damage) in those with type 1 diabetes.   Vitamin E may also play a role in the prevention of diabetes. In one  study, 944 men who did not have diabetes at were followed for 4 years.  Low levels of vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of becoming  diabetic in that time course.  Pancreatitis Oxidative stress plays a role in pancreatitis (inflammation of the  pancreas). In fact, those with pancreatitis have low levels of vitamin E  and other antioxidants. This may be due to lack of absorption of fat  soluble vitamins (such as vitamin E) because the enzymes from the pancreas  required to absorb fat are not functioning properly. Or, this may be  due to poor intake because those with pancreatitis are not eating due to  pain and need for bowel rest. Some experts relay that taking vitamin E  and other antioxidants may help to reduce the pain and inflammation  associated with pancreatitis.   Other Vitamin E, along with other standard treatments, may also be beneficial  for the following:   Slowing the aging of cells and tissues  Protecting from frostbite and other cold-induced injuries  Diminishing the negative effects of environmental pollutants  Improving anemia  Speeding wound and burn healing  Reducing scarring  Lowering blood pressure  Slowing progression of Parkinson’s disease  Easing premenstrual discomfort, especially breast tenderness  Treating lupus  Replacing necessary nutrients in those with inflammatory bowel disease,  such as ulcerative colitis  Avoiding miscarriage (also called spontaneous abortion), which may be  associated with very low levels of this nutrient  Helping weight gain and relieving oxidative stress in those with HIV or  AIDS     ——————————————————————————–     Dietary Sources    The richest source of vitamin E is wheat germ. Other foods that contain  a significant amount of vitamin E include liver, eggs, nuts (almonds,  hazelnuts, and walnuts); sunflower seeds; corn-oil margarine;  mayonnaise; cold-pressed vegetable oils, including olive, corn, safflower,  soybean, cottonseed, and canola; dark green leafy vegetables like spinach  and kale; greens (beet, collard, mustard, turnip) sweet potatoes;  avocado, asparagus and yams.     ——————————————————————————–     Available Forms    Vitamin E refers to a family of eight related fat soluble compounds,  the tocopherols and tocotrienols (in four different forms, alpha, beta,  delta and gamma) Dosages are usually listed in international units  (IUs). There are both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E. Health care  providers usually recommend natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) or  natural mixed tocopherols. The synthetic form is called  dl-alpha-tocopherol.   Some clinicians prefer mixed tocopherols because it most closely  represents whole foods.  Most vitamin E supplements are fat-soluble. However, water soluble E is  available for people who have trouble absorbing fat, such as people  with pancreatic insufficiency and cystic fibrosis.   Vitamin E is available in softgels, tablets, capsules, and topical  oils. Doses for oral vitamin E generally range from 50 IU to 1,000 IU.     ——————————————————————————–     How to Take It    Based on clinical trials, the recommended dose for disease prevention  and treatment for adults is 400 to 800 IU/day. As with all supplements,  it is important to check with a healthcare provider before giving  vitamin E to a child.  Daily intakes of dietary Vitamin E are listed below. (Note: 1 mg  vitamin E equals 1.5 IU.)  Pediatric  Newborn to 6 months: 6 IU  Infants 6 months to 1 year: 9 IU  Children 1 to 3 years: 9 IU  Children 4 to 8 years: 10.5 IU  Children 9 to 13 years: 16.5 IU  Adolescents 14 to 18 years: 22.5 IU  Adult  Older than 18 years: 22.5 IU  Pregnant females: 22.5 IU  Breastfeeding females: 28.5 IU     ——————————————————————————–     Precautions    Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with  medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of  a knowledgeable healthcare provider.  Vitamin E should be taken together with another antioxidant called  selenium.   The Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL) for alpha-tocopherol is set at  1000 mg (1500 IU). Doses higher than this can cause nausea, gas,  diarrhea, heart palpitations, and increase the tendency to bleed.   It is especially important that those who have high blood pressure or  who are taking blood-thinners such as warfarin check with a healthcare  provider before taking vitamin E supplements.   There is some concern that a diet rich in fish oil taken for many  months may induce a deficiency of vitamin E. People who eat a diet high in  fish or who take fish oil supplements may want to consider taking  vitamin E supplements.     ——————————————————————————–     Possible Interactions    If you are currently being treated with any of the following  medications, you should not use vitamin E supplements without first talking to  your healthcare provider.  Antidepressant Medications, Tricyclic Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of the antidepressant  desimpramine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as tricyclics. Other  members of that class include imipramine and nortriptyline.  Antipsychotic Medications Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake by cells of the antipsychotic  medication called chlorpromazine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as  phenothiazines.  Aspirin A study evaluating the effects of vitamin E and aspirin suggests that  the combination appears to be safe and may benefit patients at risk for  stroke.   AZT Vitamin E may protect against toxicity and side effects from AZT, a  medication used to treat HIV and AIDS.   Beta Blockers for high blood pressure Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of propranolol, a member of a  class of medications called beta blockers used for high blood pressure.  Other beta-blockers include atenolol and metoprolol.   Birth Control Medications Vitamin E may provide antioxidant benefits to women taking birth  control medications.  Chloroquine Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake into cells of chloroquine, a  medication used to treat malaria.   Cholesterol-lowering Medications Cholesterol-lowering medications such as colestipol and cholestyramine,  called bile-acid sequestrants, decrease the absorption of vitamin E.  Gemfibrozil, a different type of cholesterol-lowering medication called  a fibric acid derivative, may also reduce vitamin E levels. A third  class of medications used to lower cholesterol levels known as statins  (such as atorvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin), may reduce the  antioxidant activity of vitamin E. On the other hand, the combination of  vitamin E supplements with statins may help protect blood vessels from  dysfunction.   Cyclosporine Vitamin E may interact with cyclosporine, a medication used to treat  cancer, reducing the effectiveness of both the supplement and the  medication. However, there appears to be some controversy regarding the nature  of this interaction; another study suggests that the combination of  vitamin E and cyclosporine may actually increase the effects of the  medication. More research is needed to determine the safety of this  combination.  Hormone Replacement Therapy Vitamin E supplements may benefit women taking hormone replacement  therapy by improving lipid profiles.  Mebendazole Simultaneous supplementation with vitamins A, C, E, and selenium  significantly reduced the effectiveness of this vermifuge (treatment to  eradicate intestinal worms) in a study.  Tamoxifen Tamoxifen, a hormonal treatment for breast cancer, increases blood  levels of triglycerides, increasing one’s chances of developing high  cholesterol. In a study of 54 women with breast cancer, vitamins C and E,  taken along with the tamoxifen, counteracted this by decreasing low  density cholesterol and triglyceride levels while increasing high density  cholesterol. The antioxidants also enhanced the anti-cancer action of the  tamoxifen.  Warfarin Taking vitamin E at the same time as warfarin, a blood-thinning  medication, increases the risk of abnormal bleeding, especially in vitamin  K-deficient individuals.  Weight Loss Products Orlistat, a medication used for weight loss and olestra, a substance  added to certain food products, are both intended to bind to fat and  prevent the absorption of fat and the associated calories. Because of their  effects on fat, orlistat and olestra may also prevent the absorption  of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E. Given this concern and  possibility, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that vitamin  E and other fat soluble vitamins (namely, A, D, and K) be added to  food products containing olestra. How well vitamin E from such food  products is absorbed and used by the body is not clear. 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